Societal Views On The Role Of Women Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Societal Views On The Role Of Women - Essay Example One would suggest that the actions of these women throughout the two works might have come to hurt their societies because had all the women in these societies acted as they did, then it is likely that the entire social order might have collapsed. Nevertheless, this did not happen and in the case of Sula, she was looked upon as a reference by other members of the society and her example ensured that all the people live moral lives so that they could not end up like her. Despite this, after her death, it is noted that the society of The Bottom quickly disintegrated into one of chaos. Hedda is a woman who believes in the beauty and freedom and does not believe in abiding by the constraints placed on individuals by their societies. It is for this reason that she chooses to convince Lovborg to commit suicide as a means of ensuring that he does not remain a rival to her husband. However, after Lovborg does indeed commit suicide, and her actions are discovered by Judge Brack, she confesses her view of life and her weaknesses to him. However, knowing that Brack might potentially be capable of blackmailing her as long as she is alive, she chooses to commit suicide. She shows her strictly independent spirit and her need to ensure that she retains her freedom no matter the cost. Therefore, both Hedda and Sula are extremely strong and independent women who do not bow to societal conventions and instead live their lives as they want. Their actions are those of women who yearn for the freedoms that the men in their societies enjoy.

The death of the prophet Muhammad Essay Example for Free

The death of the prophet Muhammad Essay Following the death of the prophet Muhammad, Islam rose to superiority in the first part of the 7th century as they expand throughout the lands. This introduced another great religion to the world; a religion that would later shape the history of man. This is a very important part in the history of the world, since this contributed a religion apart from the growing Christianity at that time. The rise and development of Islam made way to the formation of another way of life for the people, which until now is still in existence. However, the 7th century expansion for Islam has led to some events which negatively affected Islamic development at that time. These are internal disputes which lead to civil wars and other internal issues. These things occurred right after Muhammad’s death, where their main point of dispute was about the rightful leader that would be Muhammad’s successor. They are disputing about who will be the rightful Caliph, or the leader of the global Muslim community. These disputes between local Muslim heads became wars between clans and eventually getting blown into bigger proportions, leading to first Islamic civil war. The first four caliphs that emerged right after the death of Muhammad were considered to be the â€Å"rightly guided† successors, since they attained their position through nominations and acknowledgement of the local heads of the Muslim community. In their rule, they were able to expand Muslim territory into vast proportions. These leaders were able to conquer neighboring lands including the Persian and the Byzantine Empires. Some Roman established empires were also crushed by this new Muslim power, gaining more and more lands as they continued with their conquest for expansion. Even though the Muslims were successful in their military conquests, tensions flared between the leaders and those who think they are better than their leaders. Following the assassination of the second of the four â€Å"rightly guided† caliphs, choosing the successor became very controversial and has met much opposition. Even though the successor was competent enough and was able to continue the expansion, he was still assassinated. The last of the four took the position; the first civil war broke out. The opposing side was composed of the relatives of the third caliph, Uthman. They are all fighting to avenge the death of the previous caliph, wherein they blame the fourth, Ali, of plotting the assassination. Even though the fourth caliph was able to pacify the uprising, the events that followed favored the opposition. He was eventually fatally stabbed, where afterwards, Muawiyah, an opposition was ordained as the new caliph. This opens a new chapter in the Muslim history, which is the hereditary Umayyad Caliphate. The Umayyad caliphate can be considered as the first ever dynasty established in the history of Muslim Caliphates, all thanks to Muawiyah I, the first Umayyad caliph. The name Umayyad came from Muawiyah I’s great grandfather, Umayya ibn Abd Shams. It was a traditional belief saying that the Prophet Muhammad and the Umayyad family are related. It is because they both came from the same ancestor which is Abd Munaf. The Umayyads came from a son of Abd Munaf, which are Abd-Shams. Muhammad descended from another son, which is Hashim. These two branches formed different clans which eventually turned into great rivalries. However, when Muhammad established Islam, the other tribe succumbed to the new religion and was focused on becoming its leaders. This goal was attained by none other than Muawiyah I. He rose to power and started the great Umayyad dynasty. Muawiyah I excised his power by creating his personal dynasty, which is the Sufyanids, which has ruled from 661 to 684. During this time, Muawiyah’s reign was prosperous, being able to keep internal peace and security, as well as managing to expand its rule over other lands. Muawiyah was also able to establish a peaceful relation with its Christian neighbors in Syria, wherein they were peacefully coexisting despite the difference in religion. Muawiyah concentrated his wars on the Byzantine Empire. They are able to overwhelm and conquer Rhodes and Crete, as well as launched attacks on the newly established Constantinople. He also had his share on efforts to expand further to North Africa and towards Central Asia. When Muawiyah finally died, Yazid I succeeded his position. Yazid was Muawiyah’s son, and this hereditary passing of power was greatly contradicted by other well known Muslim personalities that time. This includes Abd-Allah ibn al-Zubayr, son of one of the close people to the Prophet Muhammad, and Husayn ibn Ali, Muhammad’s grandson. Conflict again rose in the Muslim community, which eventually led to the coming of the Second Civil War. Several war encounters followed, and the caliph Yazid was killed. His son Muawiyah II became caliph but he was not recognized by most of the Muslim community. Anothr Umayya descendent came into the scene. He is Marwan, related to Umayya through Wail ibn Umayyah. Marwan became caliph by winning important battles at that time. However, Marwan’s reign was short lived, when he died just after nine months of becoming the caliph. He was then succeeded by his son, Abd al-Malik. Abd al-Malik’s sons then became the next line of caliphs, wherein the prosperity was kept at bay. The position of caliph has been passed from brother to brother, until it was passed to Hisham, the final son of Abd al-Malik to become caliph. Hisham reign for a very long time, however, there was no significant gain from his efforts of military expansion. He has suffered major defeats from attacks to conquer other lands. One of his main problems has been the difficulty of converting non-Muslims to Islam. The Arab army lost some of its most important battles, signaling the end of its western expansion. Further losses were experienced when non-Arab Muslims added problems regarding their rights. The one who succeeded the position of Hisham was Al-Wahid II, which is Yazid II’s son. However, the problem with the heir was that he was more focused on earthly pleasures than the expansion of their religion. This raised a lot of oppositions which was translated to another set of civil disputes. This led to successive changes in caliphs which has induced more was and the further destruction of the system of government of the Umayyad caliphate. The Umayyad caliphate was then overthrown by the Hashimiyya movement, which was spearheaded by that of the Abbasid family. The Umayyad caliphate is such an interesting aspect of Muslim history, since it is characterized by a lot of changes in its rulers, as well as disputes by relatives and clan rivals. Despite all the negative points it drew, it still marks the great expansion if has given the Muslim world. Despite its administrative and cultural problems, it was able to show the world that Muslims can stand up to its rivals and opponents, in terms of military capabilities and its rulers abilities. The Umayyads contributed so much to the early Islamic formation, and has literally introduced it to the world. The caliphate was not only for the aspect of religion, but it can also be a means of governance. Dynasties like the Umayyad caliphate are some of its manifestations.

Darcy Estate Management

Darcy Estate Management Darcy Estate Management Space Management and Legislation: When researching the techniques and roles adopted by the facilities managers one key criteria involved in the Darcy building relocation focused on space management. This broadened my understanding of the benefits that effective space management can bring such as economic, environmental and social when effective space management techniques are used. Before examining the approach that effective space management requires, it is important to define the term ‘space management’ and how this relates to the Darcy estate relocation and also the Oxford Brookes estate management strategy and all legislation encountered in the relocation. Space management has been defined as the ‘coordination of property space and economic optimisation of its use’ (Dussmann Service, 2013). On account of this, the overall importance Darcy Estate migration, highlights the need for a powerful space management strategy that will create a more effective and flexible way of working. In addition of foremost significance that the execution of space management is in alignment with the Oxford Brookes University (OBU) estate and business strategy. Fig.1 demonstrates the key fragments concerned with the OBU estate strategy and highlights the significance of keeping inside these guidelines to ensure the execution of any space management techniques adhere to these policies. The OBU strategy expresses that by 2020 Oxford Brookes will be the University that others campuses aspire to. Further emphasising the importance of effective space management. ‘Without a firm grip on your space management, organizations can’t align their workplace initiatives to their business goals’ (IWMS, 2010) In connection to space management, the FM is in charge of various roles inside the building, for example, the creation of a space management systems or approaches, the effects of resources and assets on space, general building layout and internal proximity, and adherence to building legislation to name but a few roles. Therefore the needs for regular internal assessments are vital to understand and mitigate against any potential issues that may emerge. We can see listed below are just some of the areas that Facilities Managers are accustomed to: Forecast future space requirements Identify ownership Identify under-utilised spaces Churn rate. Costs associated with occupation Space administration also needs to address the needs of all partners involved within such as the Brookes staff and the end users affected by the relocation. By engaging with and following up on criticism from all parties involved, it is simpler to pick up what is regarded as essential to ensure success throughout the relocation and also during occupancy. With space management the process essentially consists of internal strategic rotational moves within an organisational department to ensure maximum productivity and minimal wastage of space within the organisation, it is of major significance that the FM sees the amount of space which is required and for what reason, whilst also complying with the current estate guidelines and strategies. The OBU Space Strategy lists a number of goals that these moves need to achieve, some of which are listed: Demonstrate a sector-leading space management approach by 2015. Use the HEFCE Space Assessment Model to define space required for academic and support activities. Plan for provision of 2m2 of space per student in teaching activities by 2015. The development of technology related to FM tasks has made it easier to keep track of organisation’s assets and model changes. Computer aided facilities management (CAFM) or computer integrated facilities management (CIFM) are examples of similar such technologies. The extent of assistance these management systems can achieve is vast, some of which are listed: Move Management / Churn Control Real estate portfolio and Lease Administration Facilities Maintenance Strategic Planning For the Brookes FM team to effectively manage a facility that will align the requirements proposed within the Oxford Brookes Estate Strategy there are following strategies that can be utilised to ensure all requirements are met and the space management is at the highest possible efficiency. Audits – Analysing current working capacities can enable a more flexible working environment for ad-hoc work sessions. Hot-desking – Pooled computer rooms and working facilities, on average almost 35% of space portfolio are vacant at any point in time. This implicates that your organization pays a vast amount for NOT occupying space Fewer Meeting Rooms – Meeting space generally oversized and underused At the point of executing a space management strategy, it is critical to consider the legislation and regulatory consequences that also fall under the role of the FM team. The project relocation will have to adhere to all University requirements, combined with formalized legislation that will also have to be considered. Inability to do so can bring about internal postponement and potentially have adverse effect on the majority of the stakeholders within the Oxford Brookes domain that will require access to the Darcy Building. The most significant regulations and laws that will be included in the Darcy relocation will revolve around HS legislation. The Facilities Managers knowledge is not limited to HS legislation, the importance of considering supplementary regulations and laws such as planning and sustainability combined with contract law are all essential in the FM role. The regulations listed below are typical areas of responsibility covered by the Facilities Manager. Workplace Regulations 1992 CDM Regulations 2015 Approved Codes of Practice Building Regulations 2002. Occupiers Liability Acts 1957. Control of Asbestos Regulations 1987 The BIFM definition of FM â€Å"Facilities management is the integration of processes within an organisation to maintain and develop the agreed services which support and improve the effectiveness of its primary activities†. When drafting the relocation strategy of the Darcy building and understanding the different roles and strategies were essential, it is now clear that the FM position assumes a critical part from inception to completion on any in-house project. The Darcy Building Relocation has helped develop a holistic overview of the FM role and more specifically understand: OBU Business Estate Strategy Customer communications Legislation relating to FM role Scheduling Activities Space Management Techniques With these forming the basis of what the FM has an active role in; a deeper understanding of each was gained and proved essential in carrying out a detailed presentation of the Darcy building relocation. In essence, the FM is crucial in delivering a project with minimal disruption, a high degree of stakeholder satisfaction and a flexible, functional and efficient use of space. These are the fundamentals of what results in a successful project. Word Count – 1,181 References Dussmann Service. (2013). http://www.facility-management-glossary.com/ IWMSNews.com, (2010). 9 Benefits of Space Management That Will Impact Your Bottom Line Big Time. Oxford Brookes University. (2011-2015). Towards a University Estate Strategy. Booty, F. (2009). Facilities management handbook. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann. Wiggins, J. (2015). FM Tutor, FM and the Law. http://www.mazefind.co.uk/FMtutor/fm_and_the_law.pdf 1

Young Goodman Brown by Nathaniel Hawthorne :: Young Goodman Brown YGB

Young Goodman Brown by Nathaniel Hawthorne "Young Goodman Brown", by Nathaniel Hawthorne, is a story that is thick with allegory. "Young Goodman Brown" is a moral story, which is told through the perversion of a religious leader. In "Young Goodman Brown", Goodman Brown is a Puritan minister who lets his excessive pride in himself interfere with his relations with the community after he meets with the devil, and causes him to live the life of an exile in his own community. "Young Goodman Brown" begins when Faith, Brown's wife, asks him not to go on an "errand". Goodman Brown says to his "love and (my) Faith" that "this one night I must tarry away from thee." When he says his "love" and his "Faith", he is talking to his wife, but he is also talking to his "faith" to God. He is venturing into the woods to meet with the Devil, and by doing so, he leaves his unquestionable faith in God with his wife. He resolves that he will "cling to her skirts and follow her to Heaven." This is an example of the excessive pride because he feels that he can sin and meet with the Devil because of this promise that he made to himself. There is a tremendous irony to this promise because when Goodman Brown comes back at dawn; he can no longer look at his wife with the same faith he had before. When Goodman Brown finally meets with the Devil, he declares that the reason he was late was because "Faith kept me back awhile." This statement has a double meaning because his wife physically prevented him from being on time for his meeting with the devil, but his faith to God psychologically delayed his meeting with the devil. The Devil had with him a staff that "bore the likeness of a great black snake". The staff which looked like a snake is a reference to the snake in the story of Adam and Eve. The snake led Adam and Eve to their destruction by leading them to the Tree of Knowledge. The Adam and Eve story is similar to Goodman Brown in that they are both seeking unfathomable amounts of knowledge. Once Adam and Eve ate from the Tree of Knowledge they were expelled from their paradise. The Devil's staff eventually leads Goodman Brown to the Devil's ceremony which destroys Goodman Brown's faith in his fellow man, therefore expelling him from his utopia. Goodman Brown almost immediately declares that he kept his meeting with the Devil and no longer wishes to continue on his errand with the Devil. He says that he comes from a "race of honest men and good

Ethics †morality Essay

When asking people â€Å"what does ethics mean? † we get many different replies. Some relate ethics to feelings, others relate it to religion, others might relate it to the law, others relate it to society and some just do not know. They are all wrong. Ethics refers to well-founded standards of right and wrong. Feelings, religion and the law may misguide people from what is ethical. The majority of people misunderstand what being ethical means. Some think that being ethical means following the law. The law often incorporates ethical standards to which most citizens subscribe. But laws, like feelings, can deviate from what is ethical. Our own pre-Civil War slavery laws and the old apartheid laws of present-day South Africa are grotesquely obvious examples of laws that deviate from what is ethical. Adela Cortina (March, 2000) said, â€Å"A natural law standpoint which, whether in its traditional or ‘post traditional’ version, ultimately takes only what is just from a certain moral conception as ‘valid law’, is not an acceptable basis for legal legislation in a morally pluralist society. † Nor should one identify ethics with religion. Most religions, of course, advocate high ethical standards. Yet if ethics were confined to religion, then ethics would apply only to religious people. But ethics applies as much to the behavior of the atheist as to that of the devout religious person. Religion can set high ethical standards and can provide intense motivations for ethical behavior. Ethics, however, cannot be confined to religion nor is it the same as religion. Praveen Parboteeah, Martin Hoegl and John B. Cullen (June, 2008) mention â€Å"some studies have found no difference between religious and non religious individuals on unethical behaviors such as dishonesty and cheating. Many people tend to equate ethics with their feelings, but being ethical is clearly not a matter of following one’s feelings. A person following his or her feelings may recoil from doing what is right. Feelings frequently deviate from what is ethical. Just like Ken Bowen (August, 1994) said, â€Å"With a set of rules guilt is all too often a conflict between what is said to be wrong and what one feels to be right and can be devastating to an individuals personality. † What, then, is ethics? Ethics is two things. First, ethics refers to well-founded standards of right and wrong that prescribe what humans ought to do, usually in terms of rights, obligations, benefits to society, fairness, or specific virtues. Ethics, for example, refers to those standards that impose the reasonable obligations to refrain from rape, stealing, murder, assault, slander, and fraud. Ethical standards also include those that enjoin virtues of honesty, compassion, and loyalty. And, ethical standards include standards relating to rights, such as the right to life, the right to freedom from injury, and the right to privacy. Such standards are adequate standards of ethics because they are supported by consistent and well-founded reasons. Secondly, ethics refers to the study and development of one’s ethical standards. As mentioned above, feelings, laws, and social norms can deviate from what is ethical. So it is necessary to constantly examine one’s standards to ensure that they are reasonable and well-founded. Ethics also means, then, the continuous effort of studying our own moral beliefs and our moral conduct, and striving to ensure that we, and the institutions we help to shape, live up to standards that are reasonable and solidly-based. Most people do not really know what the meaning of ethics is. They all have a different idea of it. They relate it to things like religion, law and feelings. Well these usually deviate us from what is right and wrong. That is not all there is to ethics. Ethics has to do with standards of right and wrong. They may change through time. One must always examine one’s standards.

Benefits on College Education Essay

The National Center for Education Statistics (NCES) projects 1,781,000 students at the bachelor’s degree level will graduate as the college in 2012. The importance of a university degree is being able to make your dreams come true. People study and attend college for different reasons, but ultimately reap the social, academic, and financial benefits of a college education. TW The first major effect of going to college is the effect college has on your social life. Many students go to college because they want to have the college experience, such as meeting new friends, going to plenty of parties, being part of a sport team, gain more valuable resources, and so forth. These college experiences will allow the individuals to grow as a person, prepare themselves for adulthood, and have a deep understanding with our society. College is a world that is much bigger than you can imagine, and it is the place for you to meet new people from various backgrounds. This is the opportunity for you to develop a network of friends and contacts, and this will help you in many different ways in your future and even during your career. At college, you will learn how to co-operate with each other, face with many new situations, solve the problems independently, and make decisions on their own. The second effect of a college degree is to increase your knowledge. College is the place for you to go if you want to learn something because it provides you stable structure and valuable resources. At college, students can learn new skills and a specific major, which will prepare themselves for their future career. Several decades ago, only few people were able to attend college, and it was rare to find people who completed a Bachelor’s degree. But nowadays, millions of students are graduated from colleges. Many students attend colleges is because they want to increase their knowledge, and expand their eyesight. With the help of professors and textbooks, you will learn the knowledge more thoroughly and systematically, especially if you choose to study a specific major. By acquire college degree, people mostly open new doors of opportunities than those who without a college education. The third effect of attending college is the effect college has on your financial life. College provides more opportunities especially for those who want to make a difference from others and make a better living. The most direct goal of a Bachelors degree is to have a good job in the future. But nowadays, job market is very competitive, and less and less jobs are provided in our society. As not all people can go to college now, a college experience is sure to guarantee some advantages for future career. If you look at a classified advertisement, you may find out that most of the well-paying jobs, white collar, and blue collar require a university degree or even higher. Therefore, it is very difficult to find a decent job with high salary without a college education. Today’s society is very materialistic, and we all want to live in luxury. A higher salary can and it will change your lifestyle. For example, a person who has a higher annual income can enjoy a luxurious vacation by the end of the year, which is someone who has a low-paying job cannot afford to. .Education is the most important part of our lives, and for sure, it will change your life in different ways. A college education will lead you to a better and more successful life, and benefits you in many aspects, such as social, academic, and financial.